Erins Causal Argument :: Essays Papers

Erins Causal Argument Nothing meant more to people who went West in the 1840s and 1850s than mail from home.- National Park Service Pony take out Historic Trail Brochure People moved West for many reasons the prospect of a new beginning, free land, even Gold Leaving family easy was a hardship that many settlers dealt with. And at this time, the only way to communicate with those left behind was to write earn. Moving was, and still is, a very traumatic process. Picking up and moving everything you own and leaving behind everything familiar it was a very trying experience. Letters from home brought back a curt bit of familiaritya little bit of familya little bit of security. While the Pony Express wasnt the quickest mode of transporting mail to be developed, it was the offshoot of any go. In an attempt to create a quick and efficient mode for transporting mail, the U.S government spent more than $30,000 researching and purchasing camels. However, the use of camels did not ex hibit practical because, while camels move quickly on flat dessert ground, the camels were not able to climb and maneuver the rocky terrain of the mountains with any great speed (National Park Service). At this time, the only way to send a letter was by stagecoach, a method which could take up to 4 weeks. Mail was withal slow to be of any use to families and friends. In the case of a death, letters would reach their destination more than a month after the fact. If wait on was needed in certain situations, up to two months could pass before any correspondence would be returned. The fact was short and simple sending letters simply took too long. Although not always practical, it was much quicker to go deliver the message in person. The Pony Express was not the first of this font of mail transportation. Actually, the idea of a sort of mailbag relay race originated in china. During Gengis Khans rule in the 13th century, mail was transported across much of Russia and China by rid ers on horses (Moody 181). The Pony Express was developed by William Russell, Alexander Majors, and William Waddell of the Russell, Majors, and Waddell freighting company. The Pony Express trail ran from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California. Along this 1,6000 mile send off were 190 relay stations, where riders would stay to rest and wait for their next delivery home.

Ottomans 10th Grade :: essays research papers

To understand the Ottoman conglomerate is to understand a office mightier than even that of the Romans. It is a look back at not only boundaries and war, but an entire civilization all of its own. A civilization so mod that it consumed land from the Danube River in Europe to the Deserts of the Arabian Plains.The Ottoman power was to be realized in by the first gear Ottoman leader, Osman. He was oneness of the few leaders to dear attack the Byzantine Empire. Osman was able to turn nomadic tribes, Arabs, and Persians fleeing the Mongols, into a fierce army of well-trained soldiers.The honor of the Ottomans would be felt in 1326. By this point, the raiding of Christians in Above A portrait during the early 14th century of Osman leading his people to a victory against the Byzantines. The Byzantine lands had lead to and escalation of power amongst the Ottomans. It was time to strike directly at the Byzantines.Throughout the 1320s - 30s, the Ottomans captured much of the Byzantine lands, leaving all but Constantinople and close to lands in Europe. After Osman had light-emitting diode a small kingdom to become an empire, his sons would rule. To preserve their throne, the Byzantines cut a deal to allow the Ottomans a share of the lands in the Europe. Still, by the campaign against the Byzantines, the Ottomans dealt a great deal of damage to the Christians in the west, and success to the Turks in the east.The Ottomans continued to press into Kosovo and Eastern Europe under the reckon of Murad I. After he ill-used the Murad I led the Ottomans to one of their great focal points by capturing land in Europe and conquering the Byzantines.Next on the assencion of sultans was Bayazid. He was a sultan with great intentions. With the western lands stable at the moment, it was time to again press into Anatolia (present-day Turkey) and the Arab lands. His attempts, as a Islamic leader, to conquer Muslim lands offended many soldiers in his own ranks. The Christians in O ttoman Europe, who were invaded by Muslims, however, were more than glad to return the favor.With The Christians doing his dirty work for him, his reign soon fell. He died as a captive in Anatolia due to insurgents and rebels in his land.Sultan Muhammad I, however, came in time to get control re-established.Ottomans 10th Grade essays research papers To understand the Ottoman Empire is to understand a power mightier than even that of the Romans. It is a look back at not only boundaries and war, but an entire civilization all of its own. A civilization so advanced that it consumed land from the Danube River in Europe to the Deserts of the Arabian Plains.The Ottoman power was to be realized in by the first Ottoman leader, Osman. He was one of the few leaders to dear attack the Byzantine Empire. Osman was able to turn nomadic tribes, Arabs, and Persians fleeing the Mongols, into a fierce army of well-trained soldiers.The notoriety of the Ottomans would be felt in 1326. By this point , the raiding of Christians in Above A portrait during the early 14th century of Osman leading his people to a victory against the Byzantines. The Byzantine lands had led to and escalation of power amongst the Ottomans. It was time to strike directly at the Byzantines.Throughout the 1320s - 30s, the Ottomans captured much of the Byzantine lands, leaving all but Constantinople and some lands in Europe. After Osman had led a small kingdom to become an empire, his sons would rule. To preserve their throne, the Byzantines cut a deal to allow the Ottomans a share of the lands in the Europe. Still, by the campaign against the Byzantines, the Ottomans dealt a great deal of damage to the Christians in the west, and success to the Turks in the east.The Ottomans continued to press into Kosovo and Eastern Europe under the control of Murad I. After he exploited the Murad I led the Ottomans to one of their great focal points by capturing land in Europe and conquering the Byzantines.Next on the a ssencion of sultans was Bayazid. He was a sultan with great intentions. With the western lands stable at the moment, it was time to again press into Anatolia (present-day Turkey) and the Arab lands. His attempts, as a Muslim leader, to conquer Muslim lands offended many soldiers in his own ranks. The Christians in Ottoman Europe, who were invaded by Muslims, however, were more than glad to return the favor.With The Christians doing his dirty work for him, his reign soon fell. He died as a prisoner in Anatolia due to insurgents and rebels in his land.Sultan Muhammad I, however, came in time to get control re-established.

Childhood Obesity Essay -- Health Care, Diseases

Today, about one in three American kids and teens are overweight or obese virtually triple the rate from 1983. With good reason, childhood fleshiness is now the Number 1 health concern among parents in the United States, topping drug outcry and smoking. If current trends continue, todays kids could be the first generation to live shorter lives than their parents (Clinton, para. 3 2011). Children may not understand the complexities of food intake or obesity but they continue to be affected by the issue. The reality is that if a parent enables their kids to make poor eating choices as children they will struggle as adults to make the right eating choices. Many factors contribute to childhood obesity but the major factors are living sedentary lifestyles along with poor edible and over consumption of plummetty foods. Websters Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English language defines obese as excessively fat corpulent (bulkiness or pretence of body) overweight. According C harles Stuart Platkin, PhD, (2009) the childs Body Mass Index (BMI)-the number calculated from a persons weight and height- provides a reliable indicator of body fatness. A persons body fat percentage is the total weight of the persons fat divided by the persons weight and consists of essential body fat and storage body fat. A childs BMI is calculated to asses there weight to make sure children are healthy at there current status. Based on research from the American eye Association (2011) 23.4 million children ages two to nineteen are overweight and obese. 12.3 million of those children are males and 11.1 million are females.There is no debate about whether childhood obesity is a problem in the United States. The debate should begin with ackno... ...mputer or playing video games (Childhood Obesity, 2011, p. 1) Considering a child is in school for nearly six to seven hours a day and is playing video games or watching TV four to five hours a day there is actually little time left for physical activity that often gets neglected.Obesity often appears with children who consume far more calories than they can burn off. . It would take an averaged surface person, running at a pace of 10 minutes per mile, one hour to burn off all 620 calories consumed in the mighty mcnugget meal at McDonalds. (Natural bodybuilding, 2011)Kids nowadays prefer watching SpongeBob Square Pants or nickelodeons cartoon network verse taking part in outdoor activities. An easy occlusion in avoiding obesity issues among young children is to make time everyday for active activities and limit the amount of time the child sit stationery.

Essay --

Almost all young men hit a point in life where his mindset transitions from the imagined indestructability to the comprehension of humanity. Many see it as a steady change with no definite stage of illumination, n bingletheless a sequences of broad-minded phases or the stepping stones into maturity. For a select few, there is an insight, bounded by a catastrophic occurrence that incites a renovation in ones wit on something. Whichever comes to play, the unavoidable renovation subsists. The short story Greasy Lake by Thomas Coraghessan Boyle exposes this rational alteration in three young but rudimentary men as they face a chain of faults, penalties, and reiteration. Greasy Lake is an extremely polished short story that hints the proceedings rising up to the young mens major transition. This coming of age story can definitely be realistic to comparable tales of men all throughout the biosphere as an imprinted transitional event leading to maturity. For the individuals in this stor y, a domino effect of problems reveals probable and definite penalties rising to this transition. In the very beginning of this short story, the author lays one of the most significant foreshadows, that depicts immature to mature, and how the characters think they are tougher than they actually are. Describing the bad things the boys do the narrator states, We wore torn-up leather jackets, slouched around with toothpicks in our mouths, sniffed gluewe drank gin and grapeshot juice. We were nineteen. We were bad (306). It was almost as if Mr. Boyle wanted the reader to think the boys were full of themselves and to think that the boys were trying to act older than what their mindset holds. The boys perceived their reverberate image as the archetype o... ...ble. (309). The characters repetition of their pristine clarification of life originates in the arrangement of a second chance parcel to justify their malevolent guy identity that they preferred previously. As the characters asse mble their views and mirror on the previous happenings, two older ladies in a Mustang accede into the lot. The girls were not looking for the decease body that was lifelessly bobbing up in down the lake. No, that would make the ending too non-predictable the girls from the Mustang epitomize an alternative chance to see the boys malevolent behaviors. Beforehand stand simple takings, girls in tight jeans and stiletto heels (310) holding a vast number of narcotics and enticement in which they were in desperate exploration for one long night earlier, but with the darks happenings still new in their attention, Digby declines.

Shindlers List :: essays research papers

Through out the motion-picture show Shindlers List many changes take place. These changes happen in some(prenominal) society and in certain people. During WWII the German Nazi regime enslaved the Jewish communities on Europe. They were used as slave labor or were executed if seen unfit. plain though these atrocities were taking place on a daily basis some people tried to help the Jewish community.Isaac female genital organ was a subdivision of the Jewish community and he wanted to help his people out as much as possible. He was a great accountant only because of his heritage he wouldnt be allowed any form of power in Germany. For this he needed Oscar Shindler. Shindler was a actually influential person and was very friendly. Even in the beginning of the movie he was able to walk into a room of German officers and walk out best friends with all of them. He was just the kind of man Stern needed. He needed someone with connections in the German government.Shindler may have had a ll of the connections but he had no money to invest into his business ventures. He spoke to Stern and they agreed upon a deal. Stern and other wealthy Jews would provide the funding and Shindler would provide the connections in the military in effect to keep Jews safe in Shindlers factories.In the beginning Stern and Shindlers opinions of each other were strictly business. Both knew what hey had to do and they got the transmission line done. But as time went on both men became very good friends. Shindler offered a drink to Stern after the deal was completed, stern refused it. Stern was under the impression that Shindler was just another Nazi taking advantage of his people. Shindler though that Stern was just another Jew. They both had stereotypes on each other. As they worked more closely together for longer and longer it became apparent that they had great admiration for each other and they both new what a horrible matter the Germans were doing. Later on in the move when they be lieve they will be separated Stern finally takes that drink from Shindler.A master image from this movie is when the little boy hides in the stalls. It shows very well to what lengths a person would go to survive. When it came down to it everyone that was in his position would do the same in order to make it out alive.

Power :: essays research papers

When a person has enough source in a society, it gives them a lot of carry over certain things. When they have this control, they can have ownership over a person or a thing. By cite just aboutone, or something, a person gains an unspoken ownership over him or her, they are now in control of him or her and it has created a new indistinguishability for them and erased their old identity. Power, naming and un-naming, control and ownership and identity are very important elements in Mary and No Name Woman. Both essays fuck with power, identity, control and ownership, while Mary focuses more on naming and No Name Woman focuses on un-naming. Ones power and position in a society can give them the right or ability to name or un-name a person. Someone can gain this right by his or her status socially, financially, and even racially. If its their own child, of course, they have every right in the world to name him or her. But in some cultures, as is evident in No Name Woman, they have the right to take away someones name if they have shamed their family and/or community. A name is very significant because it gives a person a sense of who they are, an identity. In No Name Woman, Kingstons aunt had no identity except for the story her mother told her and in Mary Marguerites new boss, Mrs. Cullinan changed her name to Mary which then, in a way, removed Marguerites original identity and gave her a new one, one she didnt want. By changing Marguerites name, Mrs. Cullinan proves how much power she has over a little black servant like Marguerite. A rich white member of the society, in which Marguerite grew up, has more power and control over things than someone of a poor background or a black background. Mrs. Cullinan wasnt the first to incite the drastic change of Marguerites name, although she started it off by calling her Margaret, it was in fact, one of her friends who suggested that the names too long. Id never bother myself. Id call her Mary if I was you.(5) As if showing off to her friends, and proving that she really does have control and power over black people, she starts calling her Mary, much to Marguerites disgust. Marguerite soon learned that Mrs. Cullinan had changed Miss Glorys name twenty years ago.

Performance of Philippine Agriculture

AGRO STRATUM1ConsequenceBackground InformationFigure 1 carrying out of Philippine land ( 2013-2014 )001.pngBeginninghypertext transfer protocol //www.bas.gov.ph/ ? ids=agriperformanceFigure 2Performance of AgricultureAgriculture posted a 0.67 per centum end product increase in the first three ( 3 ) months of 2014. The lag in the sector s growing could be traced to the annihilating effects of typhoons that hit the state in 2013. The end product additions tell in the harvests, farm animal and domestic track down subsectors were negated by the contraction in the piscaries subsector. Gross net incomes amounted to P386.7 one thousand thousand at current monetary set. This represented a 10.75 per centum addition from last course of instructions gross grosss.Figure 3Performance of Crops SubsectorThe harvests subsector grew by 1.53 per centum. It contributed 54.40 per centum to the entire agrarian ware. Production of palay went up by 3.28 per centum while that of maize increased by 1. 33 per centum during the acknowledgement period. Significant additions were noted in the production of sugar cane, Ananas comosus, manioc and onion. At current monetary values, the subsector grossed P225.8 billion or 17.58 per centum higher than last years record.Figure 4Performance of Livestock SubsectorProduction in the farm animal subsector went up by 1.20 per centum. The subsector shared 15.44 per centum in the entire agricultural end product. The major beginning of growing was the pig industry which expanded by 1.25 per centum. All new(prenominal) farm animal constituents recorded additions in production. The subsector grossed P57.4 billion at current monetary values or 5.59 per centum more than last years degree.The domestic fowl subsector with its 14.46 per centum part to entire agriculture grew by 1.33 per centum. Production additions in poulet at 2.50 per centum and duck at 0.10 per centum helped in prolonging the subsectors growing. At current monetary values, the subse ctors gross value of production amounted to P45.7 billion. This indicated a 5.29 per centum betterment from last years record.Figure 5Performance of Fisheries SubsectorThe piscaries subsector contracted by 3.25 per centum. The subsector accounted for 15.70 per centum of entire agricultural production. Reduced production was noted among all species except Euthynnus pelamis which registered a 4.62 per centum end product addition. The subsector grossed P57.8 billion, down by 2.64 per centum from last years record.Figure 6Farmgate Monetary valuesOn the average, monetary values received by husbandmans increased by 10.01 per centum from last twelvemonth s citations. In the harvests subsector, monetary values expanded by an norm of 15.81 per centum from the 2013 degrees. The farm animal and domestic fowl subsectors posted mean monetary value additions of 4.34 per centum and 3.90 per centum, severally. Monetary values in the piscaries subsector went up by an norm of 0.62 per centum this twe lvemonth. put back 1Number and Area of Farms by Region Philippines, 1991 and 2002RegionNumber of FarmsArea of Farms2002199120021991Philippines4,822,73946100419,670,7939974871National Capital Region ( NCR )22,8201513671,63253646Cordillera Administrative Region120,104108251177,839155581I. Ilocos part276,766311757270,664324501II. Cagayan Valley321,755285721540,812530143III. Central Luzon341,466350786552,104632493IVA. CALABARZON282,746319865588,516703256RegionNumber of FarmsArea of Farms2002199120021991IVB. MIMAROPA220,967209248542,218569814VIII. Eastern Visayas330,750321456723,048695711IX. Zamboanga Peninsula252659235674785,294675723Ten. Northern Mindanao319157289469746,901768290Eleven. Davao Region229966267224758,335795893Twelve. SOCCSKSARGEN330571264095775,309746702Thirteen. Caraga210184189600523,407517446Fourteen. ARMM248528227571533,410565219Beginning National Statics chest of drawers, 1991 Census of Agriculture and Fisheries and 2002 Census of AgricultureIn 2002, the Philippines registered a sum of 4.8 million agricultural farms, covering 9.7 million hectares. The entire agricultural land republic constituted 32.2 per centum of the countrys entire land country. Although the figure of farms was 4.6 per centum higher than the 4.6 million farms reported in 1991, the countrys entire farm country decreased by three per centum after a period of more than one decennary. The lessening in entire farm country could be attributed to the transition of farming areas to residential and commercial intents. As a solvent, the mean farm size declined from 2.2 hectares per farm in 1991 to two hectares per farm in 2002.Table 2Impermanent Crops of PhilippinesCropsNumber of FarmsArea of FarmsRice2,149,9713,922,522Corn1,458,4462,439,067Tubers, Roots, Bulbs1,364,276277,153Sugarcane167,186344,670Fruit stroller Vegetables1,088,91392,220Beginninghypertext transfer protocol //www.census.gov.ph/old/data/sectordata/sr0414402.htmThe tabular depart indicates that rice was systematical ly the major impermanent harvest of the Philippines accounting for 2.1 million farms with a combine country of 3.9 million hectares in 2002.This shows that the rice was the major impermanent harvest of the designated/allotted with a larger plantation country whenever planned to the Agri-complex to systematically benefit the number/yield of production as the top impermanent harvest of the state followed by maize holding 1.5 million farms, third are the tubers, grow and bulbs followed by the fruit bearing veggies, sugar cane, leguminous whole caboodles, baccy, leafy veggies, stems, flower and peanuts.Table 3 issue comparings of Hydroponics and Traditional FarmingName of CropsAquiculturalOutput ( per acre )Traditional FarmingOutput ( per acre )Rice12,000 pound750-900lbsTomatos180 dozenss5-10 dozenssBoodle21,000 pound.9,000 poundName of CropsAquiculturalOutput ( per acre )Traditional FarmingOutput ( per acre )Cucumber28,000 pound7,000 poundPotatos70 dozenss8 dozenssCabbage18,000 pou nd13,000 poundCauliflower30,000 pound15-30,000 poundWheat8,000 pound5,600 poundBeginninghypertext transfer protocol //www.ahga.orgThe tabular array shows that farming with the usage of engineering such as aquicultures can bring away higher sum of output than a traditional agriculture. Both consequences were based on 1-acre country, which is tantamount to 4,046.85 square metres. The table consequences show that the aquicultures system is more efficient than the traditional planting for the output it can bring forth and less ingestion of infinite to be applied to the Agri-complex. The tabular array allow for excessively function as footing for the allotment of country of the plantation/production country of the Agri-complex per floorFigure 7Share of Agriculture in hit Employment in Central Luzon, 2012The figure above shows that the portion of agribusiness in entire employment was worsening. In 2012, the portion went down to 32 per centum.Table 4Daily Agricultural Wage Rate by Sex , Central Luzon, 2012Sexual activityNoun phraseRealMale312.40237.02Female260.91197.96Both307.36233.20Beginninghypertext transfer protocol //countrystat.bas.gov.ph/ ? cont=16 &038 A r=3The tabular array shows the part s entire employment in 2012 and about 21 per centum was in the agribusiness sector. Of this, 80 per centum engaged in agricultural were male workers. replete(p) Employment ( CY2012 )= 3,877,000 individualsAgricultural Employment= 820,000 individualsFigure 8Distribution of employment for Agriculture constitutions by industry group in 2010Beginning National Statistic OfficeAgribusiness, Forestry and Fishing constitutions employed a sum of 128,767 workers in 2010. Of the entire work force, 127,944 workers or 99.4 per centum were paid employees and the remainder were working proprietors and unpaid workers.By industry group, move of perennial harvests employed the largest figure of workers with 55,747 or 43.3 per centum of the sum followed by turning of non-perennial harve sts submiting occupations to 32,860 workers ( 25.5 % ) . Fishing came in 3rd with 15,482 workers ( 12.0 % ) while carnal production rank 4th with 11,434 workers ( 8.9 % ) .Table 5Number of happenings of typhoons in the Philippines by twelvemonth and by part, 20072010Region2007200820092010EntireAnnual Ave.Philippines132122116717Cordillera Administrative Region510103287I. Ilocos Region511114318II. Cagayan Valley811124359III. Central Luzon61093287IVA. CALABARZON4672195IVB. MIMAROPA3942185V. Bicol Region4641154VI. Western Visayas261092VII. Central Visayas1630103VIII. Eastern Visayas2730154Region2007200820092010EntireAnnual Ave.IX. Zamboanga Peninsula010010Ten. Northern Mindanao132062Eleven. Davao Region020021Twelve. SOCCSKSARGEN010010Thirteen. Caraga153092Fourteen. ARMM010010Beginning PAGASAThe typhoons counted were exclusively those with assigned signals. From 2007 to 2010, the Philippines experienced a sum of 67 typhoons or an norm of 17 typhoons annually ( Row 1 ) . The figure of typhoons increased in 2008 and 2009 and so suddenly decreased in 2010. The most figure of typhoons occurred in 2009 at 22 while the least happened in 2010 at 11.Table 6Crops and push down Space Requirements ComputationCropsOutputper twelvemonthFloors ( 1 Ha )Floors ( 3 Layers/Floor )Rice/ Wheat / Cereal10000009.293.09Tubers, Roots, Bulbs349938032.5110.84Fruit180133716.805.60Leguminous Plants5328144.951.65Leafy Vegetables303649928.409.47Fruit Bearing Vegetables131642612.234.08Sum11193456104.1834.73Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.ahga.orgMarket StudyAs the survey foc workouts on the architectural information analysis, it is delimited to supply elaborate feasibleness survey. Although as portion of the analysis of its architecture, estimated market survey was analyzed based on the survey of urban agricultural architecture structures that has been proposed in other state such as the vertical Farming of Dr. Dickson Despommier, one of the participants of the survey.Table 7Con struction and Building Technology Cost Estimate of Vertical FarmUndertaking CostUndertakingCost in dollarCost in pesoSub-structure and Electochromic Glass Shell$ 25,000,0001,097,000,0001000 ton Geothermal HVAC$ 2,500,000109,700,000400 ton Chiller + Cooling Tower$ 500,00021,940,000Populating Machine-based Water Recycling System$ 11,000,000482,680,000800 kWh/day bring in Photovoltaic Array$ 500,00021,940,0004,500 kW Water-cooled lighting System$ 2,000,00087,760,000Energy Infrastructure and Automatic System$ 13,000,000570,440,000Floating Garden Hydroponic System$ 1,700,00074,596,000Office and Laboratory Facilities$ 5,000,000219,400,000Sum$ 61,200,0002,685,456,000 PhpBeginning Medical ecology Spring 2006, Dickson Despommier, Ph. D, Vertical Farming Entrepreneurship ArticleTable 8Estimated Net Net income and Associated CalculationESTIMATED EXPENDITURESUndertakingCost in dollarCost in pesoEntire Labor Costs ( includes benefits + insurance )$ 2,135,00093,683,800Entire electricity Costs 95 % Biogas Reliability$ 130,0005,704,400Entire Electricity Costs 5 % Extreme Climate Conditionss$ 100,000.4,388,000Production Supplies$ 700,00030,716,000Modified Atmosphere Boxing$ 500,00021,940,000Biogas &038 A Living Machine Operational Costss$ 650,00028,522,000Building and Facilities maintenance ( 0.75 % per twelvemonth )$ 628,00027,556,640Sum$ 4,843,000.212,510,840 PhpBeginning Medical Ecology Spring 2006, Dickson Despommier, Ph. D, Vertical Farming Entrepreneurship ArticleEntire$ 18,605,000 $ 4,843,000EBIT ( Net incomes before income revenue enhancements )$ 13,762,000Net Net income ( after 10 % income revenue enhancement )$ 12,385,800Projected dispel of InvestmentEntire Building Cost$ 61,200,000.00Annual Net Net income$ 12,206,000.00Return on invested capital4.94 ? 4 Old agesAs analyzed within the market survey, the designing of agricultural tower shows the consequence of deriving the return of investing within the 4Thursdaytwelvemonth of its operation. Therefore, the s urvey shows that edifice such installation is executable and awaited to be supported by the NGOs which aims are in line with the surveyInterview ResultsThe search worker conducted an interview to Agricultural participants and professionals to back up and happen the proposalDr. Ernesto D. Supan, PhDDirector, Extension and gentilityPampanga Agricultural CollegeDate interviews July 18, 2014 around 518 autopsyDo you believe this sort of proposal will surface and elate the Filipino Agriculture to mankind?YesDo you believe, holding a nursery is economically friendly than in a traditional planting?Yes of class, it will protect your harvests from unexpected clime conditions such as typhoons, inundations and plagues. And with this, youll harvest more. Vegetables are weak in excessively more H2O while typhoons and air currents hinder the workss to bloom that will became the fruit.Do you hold any remarks, reactions and suggestions prate to the proposal?In footings of organic and nurseries , animate beings can excessively be employ. Having a nursery in raising animate beings such as hogs, poulet, fish can beneficial excessively, ensuing an organic nutrient.Dr. Virgilio M. Gonzales, PhdDirector, Extension and TrainingPampanga Agricultural CollegeDate interviews July 23, 2014 around 1040 amDo you believe this sort of proposal will advance and elate the Filipino Agriculture to mankind?Yes, and I will bring forth harvests all twelvemonth unit of ammunition yet without utilizing so much adult male power.Do you hold any remarks, reactions and suggestions sing to the proposal?Good fortune to your undertakingWhat other installations or characteristics in the proposal that you may propose to advance and to elate Philippine Agriculture?If you will advance ecotourism, I think you should let clients, purchasers, or consumers can separately pick newly harvests straight to the plantation.Arch. Michaela Rossette Santos, uapChair for the Committee on Environment, Ecology &038 A co untrywide direct Planting, United Architects of the Philippines, LEED ( Leadership Energy &038 A Environmental Design ) APHoly nonesuch UniversityDate interviews July 31, 2014 around 415pmDo you believe this sort of proposal will advance and elate the Filipino Agriculture to mankind?Yes, and Im sure that it will promote more young person to prosecute in agribusinessDo you hold any remarks, reactions and suggestions sing to the proposal?Maximize the usage of verdures and guarantee nutrient security. Use fruit bearing workss as a landscape supply a farm garden that will turn to a healthy life community.What other installations or characteristics in the proposal that you may propose to advance and to elate Philippine Agriculture?Provide cantonment preparation and squad edifice installations that will add enticement to your mark user. Use or use the engineering were Koreans used in rice agriculture were can minimise the usage of adult male power.What is the really first thingthat co mes to your head when you hear the enunciate Agriculture?Kalabaw ( carabao ) . Poor people who work hard straight on heat of the Sun, merely to supply and to back up their ain household.Dr. Arturo FigueroaLicensed Agri-EngineerHoly Angel UniversityDate interviews July 31, 2014 around 1145amDo you believe this sort of proposal will advance and elate the Filipino Agriculture to mankind?Decidedly, to reinstate thePhilippine therubric asanAgricultural Country particularlyyour siteTarlac cognize as the Melting Pot of the Philippines .Do you hold any remarks, reactions and suggestions sing to the proposal?You can utilize edifice stuffs within the locality to minimise C footmark. I suggest utilizing bamboo as your constructing stuff as known to be a ace stuff. If non available, supply a plantation of bamboo, because this works is really resilient, fast growth.What other installations or characteristics in the proposal that you may propose to advance and to elate Philippine Agriculture?Su pplying and proper location of Sewage intervention works is of import to your development. Ill suggestholdingan country where you can raise angleworms to break up such refuse and yet produce fertilisers from your plantations.Survey ResultsThe study aims to place if the undertaking is considered demand and accepted by the society. The research worker usage Purposive Method in garnering informations, holding 100 respondents. 75 of the respondents are pupils and professionals in the field of agribusiness which is the hereafter operator of the proposal, while the 25 respondents are simply pupils which is mark of the survey. The research worker were gathered both online and questionnaires. The sample questionnaire can be viewed onAPPENDIX Oof the book. consequence of the TopicDo you believe that it is clip for the agricultural sector to derive a greater feeling to the society?Is it of import for the youth/student to educate and engaged in agricultural activities?Interest in the SubjectW ould it be interesting for you to larn agribusiness through camps/lessons?Viability of the ProposalWould it be helpful for our state if we have a convention centre, museum, research and development centre, or similar installations dedicated for agribusiness?What system of farming do you prefer in agribusiness?Under what installations would you wish to see in the proposed AGRI COMPLEX AND RECREATION HUB?Would it be helpful and productive to the state if we apply engineering and new techniques in agricultural sector?Do you believe the political science is supplying adequate support to Philippine Agriculture?

A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-seven

EddardHe was wal power through the crypts beneath Winterfell, as he he had walked a thousand times before. The Kings of Winter watched him pass with eye of ice, and the direwolves at their feet acquireed their great st unmatched heads and snarled. Last of all, he came to the tomb where his father slept, with Brandon and Lyanna beside him. Promise me, Ned, Lyannas statue whispered. She wore a garland of pale blue roses, and her eyes wept blood.Eddard Stark jerked upright, his internality racing, the screens tangled around him. The room was black as pitch, and some genius was hammering on the door. master Eddard, a instance called loudly.A mo ment. Groggy and naked, he stumbled his track across the darkened chamber. When he opened the door, he found Tomard with an upraised fist, and Cayn with a taper in constitute to. Between them stood the kings own steward.The mans face might gestate been carved of stone, so little did it show. My lord pile, he intoned. His Grace the Kin g commands your presence. At formerly.So Robert had returned from his turn tail. It was prospicient past time. I shall need a a few(prenominal) present moments to dress. Ned left over(p) the man waiting with turn up. Cayn helped him with his clothes w knocke linen tunic and grey cloak, trousers cut open down his plaster-sheathed leg, his badge of office, and last of all a belt of heavy silver links. He sheathed the Valyrian dagger at his waist.The Red Keep was dark and still as Cayn and Tomard escorted him across the inner bailey. The moon on hung low over the walls, ripening toward full. On the ramparts, a guardsman in a gold cloak walked his rounds.The royal apartments were in Maegors Holdfast, a massive square bulwark that nestled in the heart of the Red Keep behind walls twelve feet thick and a dry moat lined with iron spikes, a castle-within-a-castle. Ser Boros Blount restrained the farthermost halt of the bridge, white steel armor ghostly in the moonlight. Within, Ne d passed two other k iniquitys of the Kingsguard Ser Preston Greenfield stood at the bottom of the steps, and Ser Barristan Selmy waited at the door of the kings bedchamber. Three men in white cloaks, he design, remembering, and a strange chill went through him. Ser Barristans face was as pale as his armor. Ned had solo to smelling at him to roll in the hay that something was dreadfully wrong. The royal steward opened the door. Lord Eddard Stark, the Hand of the King, he announced.Bring him here, Roberts voice called, strangely thick.Fires blazed in the twin hearths at either end of the bedchamber, filling the room with a sullen red glare. The heat within was suffocating. Robert lay across the quarteropied bed. At the bedside hovered Grand Maester Pycelle, while Lord Renly paced restlessly before the shuttered windows. Servants moved back and forth, feeding logs to the fire and boiling wine. Cersei Lannister sat on the edge of the bed beside her husband. Her hair was tousled, a s if from sleep, and in that respect was nonhing sleepy in her eyes. They followed Ned as Tomard and Cayn helped him cross the room. He seemed to move very slowly, as if he were still dreaming.The king still wore his boots. Ned could see dried mud and blades of grass clinging to the leather where Roberts feet stuck out beneath the blanket that covered him, A green doublet lay on the floor, slashed open and discarded, the cloth crusted with red-brown stains. The room smelled of smoke and blood and death.Ned, the king whispered when he saw him. His face was pale as draw. Come . . . closer.His men brought him close. Ned steadied himself with a hand on the bedpost. He had only to look down at Robert to know how bad it was. What . . . ? he began, his throat clenched.A grunter. Lord Renly was still in his hunting greens, his cloak spattered with blood.A devil, the king husked. My own fault. Too much wine, damn me to hell. Missed my thrust.And where were the rest of you? Ned demand ed of Lord Renly. Where was Ser Barristan and the Kingsguard?Renlys mouth twitched. My brother commanded us to endorse aside and let him persuade the boar alone.Eddard Stark lifted the blanket.They had done what they could to close him up, besides it was nowhere near enough. The boar must(prenominal) reach been a fearsome thing. It had ripped the king from groin to nipple with its tusks. The wine-soaked bandages that Grand Maester Pycelle had applied were already black with blood, and the smell off the wound was hideous. Neds stomach turned. He let the blanket fall.Stinks, Robert said. The stink of death, dont think I cant smell it. Bastard did me undecomposed, eh? But I . . . I paid him back in kind, Ned. The kings smile was as terrible as his wound, his teeth red. Drove a knife right through his eye. Ask them if I didnt. Ask them.Truly, Lord Renly murmured. We brought the carcass back with us, at my brothers command.For the feast, Robert whispered. Now depart us. The lot of you. I need to speak with Ned.Robert, my sweet lord . . . Cersei began.I said leave, Robert insisted with a hint of his old fierceness. What part of that dont you understand, woman?Cersei gathered up her skirts and her dignity and led the way to the door. Lord Renly and the others followed. Grand Maester Pycelle lingered, his hands shaking as he offered the king a cup of thick white liquid. The milk of the poppy, Your Grace, he said. Drink. For your pain.Robert knocked the cup away with the back of his hand. Away with you. Ill sleep soon enough, old fool. Get out.Grand Maester Pycelle gave Ned a stricken look as he shuffled from the room.Damn you, Robert, Ned said when they were alone. His leg was throbbing so badly he was almost blind with pain. Or perhaps it was grief that fogged his eyes. He bring down himself to the bed, beside his friend. Why do you always nurture to be so headstrong?Ah, fuck you, Ned, the king said hoarsely. I killed the bastard, didnt I? A lock of catego rical black hair fell across his eyes as he glared up at Ned. Ought to do the same for you. Cant leave a man to hunt in peace. Ser Robar found me. Gregors head. Ugly thought. Never told the Hound. Let Cersei surprise him. His laugh turned into a grunt as a spasm of pain hit him. Gods imbibe mercy, he muttered, swallowing his agony. The girl. Daenerys. Only a child, you were right . . . thats wherefore, the girl . . . the gods sent the boar . . . sent to punish me . . . The king coughed, bringing up blood. Wrong, it was wrong, I . . . only a girl . . . Varys, Littlefinger, even my brother . . . worthless . . . no one to tell me no just now you, Ned . . . only you . . . He lifted his hand, the gesture ail and feeble. Paper and ink. There, on the table. Write what I tell you.Ned smoothed the paper out across his knee and took up the quill. At your command, Your Grace.This is the pull up stakes and word of Robert of crime syndicate Baratheon, the First of his Name, King of the An dals and all the restput in the damn titles, you know how it goes. I do hereby command Eddard of House Stark, Lord of Winterfell and Hand of the King, to serve as Lord Regent and Protector of the Realm upon my . . . upon my death . . . to rule in my . . . in my stead, until my son Joffrey does come of age . . . Robert . . . Joffrey is not your son, he wanted to say, but the words would not come. The agony was written too plainly across Roberts face he could not hurt him more. So Ned bent on(p) his head and wrote, but where the king had said my son Joffrey, he scrawled my heir instead. The deceit made him feel soiled. The lies we tell for love, he thought. May the gods for set in me. What else would you welcome me say?Say . . . whatever you need to. Protect and defend, gods old and new, you have the words. Write. Ill sign it. You give it to the council when Im dead.Robert, Ned said in a voice thick with grief, you must not do this. Dont die on me. The domain needs you.Robert took his hand, fingers squeezing hard. You are . . . such a bad liar, Ned Stark, he said through his pain. The realm . . . the realm knows . . . what a wretched king Ive been. Bad as Aerys, the gods spare me.No, Ned told his dying friend, not so bad as Aerys, Your Grace. Not near so bad as Aerys.Robert managed a weak red smile. At the least, they forget say . . . this last thing . . . this I did right. You wont fail me. Youll rule now. Youll hate it, worsened than I did . . . but youll do well. Are you done with the scribbling?Yes, Your Grace. Ned offered Robert the paper. The king scrawled his signature blindly, leaving a smear of blood across the letter. The blockade should be witnessed. help the boar at my funeral feast, Robert rasped. Apple in its mouth, skin seared crisp. Eat the bastard. Dont care if you choke on him. Promise me, Ned.I promise. Promise me, Ned, Lyannas voice echoed.The girl, the king said. Daenerys. Let her live. If you can, if it . . . not too late(a) . . . ta lk to them . . . Varys, Littlefinger . . . dont let them kill her. And help my son, Ned. Make him be . . . better than me. He winced. Gods have mercy.They will, my friend, Ned said. They will.The king shut his eyes and seemed to relax. Killed by a pig, he muttered. Ought to laugh, but it hurts too much.Ned was not laughing. Shall I call them back?Robert gave a weak nod. As you will. Gods, why is it so cold in here?The servants rushed back in and hurried to feed the fires. The queen had gone that was some lowly relief, at least. If she had any sense, Cersei would take her children and fly before the break of day, Ned thought. She had lingered too long already.King Robert did not seem to miss her. He bid his brother Renly and Grand Maester Pycelle to stand in witness as he pressed his seal into the hot yellow wax that Ned had dripped upon his letter. Now give me something for the pain and let me die.Hurriedly Grand Maester Pycelle coalesce him another draught of the milk of the popp y. This time the king drank deeply. His black beard was beaded with thick white droplets when he threw the empty cup aside. Will I dream?Ned gave him his answer. You will, my lord.Good, he said, smiling. I will give Lyanna your love, Ned. Take care of my children for me.The words twisted in Neds belly like a knife. For a moment he was at a loss. He could not bring himself to lie. Then he remembered the bastards little Barra at her mothers breast, Mya in the Vale, Gendry at his forge, and all the others. I shall . . . guard your children as if they were my own, he said slowly.Robert nodded and closed his eyes. Ned watched his old friend sag softly into the pillows as the milk of the poppy washed the pain from his face. Sleep took him. to a great extent chains jangled softly as Grand Maester Pycelle came up to Ned. I will do all in my power, my lord, but the wound has mortified. It took them two days to get him back. By the time I saw him, it was too late. I can lessen His Graces suff ering, but only the gods can heal him now.How long? Ned asked.By rights, he should be dead already. I have never seen a man cling to life so fiercely.My brother was always strong, Lord Renly said. Not wise, perhaps, but strong. In the sweltering heat of the bedchamber, his brow was slick with sweat. He might have been Roberts ghost as he stood there, young and dark and handsome. He curl the boar. His entrails were sliding from his belly, yet somehow he slew the boar. His voice was full of wonder.Robert was never a man to leave the battleground so long as a foe remained standing, Ned told him.Outside the door, Ser Barristan Selmy still guarded the tower stairs. Maester Pycelle has given Robert the milk of the poppy, Ned told him. See that no one disturbs his rest without leave from me.It shall be as you command, my lord. Ser Barristan seemed old beyond his years. I have failed my sacred trust.Even the truest knight cannot protect a king against himself, Ned said. Robert loved to hun t boar. I have seen him take a thousand of them. He would stand his ground without flinching, his legs braced, the great spear in his hands, and as often as not he would swearing the boar as it charged, and wait until the last possible second, until it was almost on him, before he killed it with a single sure and savage thrust. No one could know this one would be his death.You are kind to say so, Lord Eddard.The king himself said as much. He blamed the wine.The white-haired knight gave a weary nod. His Grace was reeling in his saddle by the time we flushed the boar from his lair, yet he commanded us all to stand aside.I wonder, Ser Barristan, asked Varys, so quietly, who gave the king this wine?Ned had not heard the eunuch approach, but when he looked around, there he stood. He wore a black velvet robe that napped the floor, and his face was freshly powdered. The wine was from the kings own skin, Ser Barristan said.Only one skin? Hunting is such thirsty work.I did not progress cou nt. More than one, for a certainty. His squire would fetch him a fresh skin whenever he required it.Such a dutiful boy, said Varys, to make certain His Grace did not lack for refreshment.Ned had a bitter taste in his mouth. He recalled the two fair-haired boys Robert had sent chasing after a breastplate stretcher. The king had told everyone the tale that night at the feast, laughing until he shook. Which squire?The elder, said Ser Barristan. Lancel.I know the lad well, said Varys. A stalwart boy, Ser Kevan Lannisters son, nephew to Lord Tywin and cousin to the queen. I fancy the dear sweet lad does not blame himself. Children are so vulnerable in the innocence of their youth, how well do I remember.Certainly Varys had erstwhile been young. Ned doubted that he had ever been innocent. You mention children. Robert had a change of heart concerning Daenerys Targaryen. Whatever arrangements you made, I want unmade. At once.Alas, said Varys. At once may be too late. I fear those birds ha ve flown. But I shall do what I can, my lord. With your leave. He bowed and vanished down the steps, his soft-soled slippers whispering against the stone as he made his descent.Cayn and Tomard were helping Ned across the bridge when Lord Renly emerged from Maegors Holdfast. Lord Eddard, he called after Ned, a moment, if you would be so kind.Ned stopped. As you wish.Renly walked to his side. Send your men away. They met in the center of the bridge, the dry moat beneath them. Moonlight silvered the cruel edges of the spikes that lined its bed.Ned gestured. Tomard and Cayn bowed their heads and backed away respectfully. Lord Renly glanced warily at Ser Boros on the far end of the span, at Ser Preston in the doorway behind them. That letter. He leaned close. Was it the regency? Has my brother named you Protector? He did not wait for a reply. My lord, I have xxx men in my personal guard, and other friends beside, knights and lords. Give me an hour, and I can put a degree Celsius swords in your hand.And what should I do with a hundred swords, my lord?Strike Now, while the castle sleeps. Renly looked back at Ser Boros again and dropped his voice to an urgent whisper. We must get Joffrey away from his mother and take him in hand. Protector or no, the man who holds the king holds the kingdom. We should seize Myrcella and Tommen as well. Once we have her children, Cersei will not dare oppose us. The council will confirm you as Lord Protector and make Joffrey your ward.Ned regarded him coldly. Robert is not dead yet. The gods may spare him. If not, I shall convene the council to hear his final words and consider the matter of the succession, but I will not dishonor his last hours on earth by shedding blood in his halls and dragging frightened children from their beds.Lord Renly took a step back, taut as a bowstring. Every moment you delay gives Cersei another moment to prepare. By the time Robert dies, it may be too late . . . for both of us.Then we should pray that Ro bert does not die.Small chance of that, said Renly.Sometimes the gods are merciful.The Lannisters are not. Lord Renly turned away and went back across the moat, to the tower where his brother lay dying.By the time Ned returned to his chambers, he felt weary and heartsick, yet there was no question of his going back to sleep, not now. When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die, Cersei Lannister had told him in the godswood. He found himself wondering if he had done the right thing by refusing Lord Renlys offer. He had no taste for these intrigues, and there was no honor in threatening children, and yet . . . if Cersei elected to fight rather than flee, he might well have need of Renlys hundred swords, and more besides.I want Littlefinger, he told Cayn. If hes not in his chambers, take as many men as you need and face every winesink and whorehouse in Kings Landing until you find him. Bring him to me before break of day. Cayn bowed and took his leave, and Ned turned to Toma rd. The Wind Witch sails on the evening tide. need you chosen the escort?Ten men, with Porther in command.Twenty, and you will command, Ned said. Porther was a brave man, but headstrong. He wanted someone more solid and sensible to keep watch over his daughters.As you wish, mlord, Tom said. Cant say Ill be sad to see the back of this place. I miss the wife.You will pass near Dragonstone when you turn north. I need you to deliver a letter for me.Tom looked apprehensive. To Dragonstone, mlord? The island fortress of House Targaryen had a sinister repute.Tell Captain Qos to hoist my banner as soon as he comes in sight of the island. They may be wary of unexpected visitors. If he is reluctant, offer him whatever it takes. I will give you a letter to place into the hand of Lord Stannis Baratheon. No one else. Not his steward, nor the captain of his guard, nor his lady wife, but only Lord Stannis himself.As you command, mlord.When Tomard had left him, Lord Eddard Stark sat staring at the flame of the candle that burned beside him on the table. For a moment his grief overwhelmed him. He wanted naught so much as to seek out the godswood, to kneel before the heart tree and pray for the life of Robert Baratheon, who had been more than a brother to him. hands would whisper afterward that Eddard Stark had betrayed his kings friendship and disinherited his sons he could only hope that the gods would know better, and that Robert would learn the truth of it in the land beyond the grave.Ned took out the kings last letter. A roll of crisp white parchment sealed with golden wax, a few short words and a smear of blood. How small the difference between victory and defeat, between life and death.He drew out a fresh sheet of paper and dipped his quill in the inkpot. To His Grace, Stannis of the House Baratheon, he wrote. By the time you receive this letter, your brother Robert, our King these past fifteen years, will be dead. He was savaged by a boar whilst hunting in the kingsw ood . . .The letters seemed to writhe and twist on the paper as his hand trailed to a stop. Lord Tywin and Ser Jaime were not men to suffer set down meekly they would fight rather than flee. No doubt Lord Stannis was wary, after the murder of Jon Arryn, but it was imperative that he sail for Kings Landing at once with all his power, before the Lannisters could march.Ned chose each word with care. When he was done, he signed the letter Eddard Stark, Lord of Winterfell, Hand of the King, and Protector of the Realm, blotted the paper, folded it twice, and melted the sealing wax over the candle flame.His regency would be a short one, he reflected as the wax softened. The new king would choose his own Hand. Ned would be free to go home. The thought of Winterfell brought a wan smile to his face. He wanted to hear Brans laughter once more, to go hawking with Robb, to watch Rickon at play. He wanted to vaunt off to a dreamless sleep in his own bed with his arms wrapped tight around his la dy, Catelyn.Cayn returned as he was pressing the direwolf seal down into the soft white wax. Desmond was with him, and between them Littlefinger. Ned thanked his guards and sent them away.Lord Petyr was clad in a blue velvet tunic with puffed sleeves, his silvery drapery patterned with mockingbirds. I suppose congratulations are in order, he said as he seated himself.Ned scowled. The king lies wounded and near to death.I know, Littlefinger said. I also know that Robert has named you Protector of the Realm.Neds eyes flicked to the kings letter on the table beside him, its seal unbroken. And how is it you know that, my lord?Varys hinted as much, Littlefinger said, and you have just substantiate it.Neds mouth twisted in anger. Damn Varys and his little birds. Catelyn spoke truly, the man has some black art. I do not trust him.Excellent. Youre learning. Littlefinger leaned forward. Yet Ill interest you did not drag me here in the black of night to discuss the eunuch.No, Ned admitted. I know the secret Jon Arryn was murdered to protect. Robert will leave no trueborn son behind him. Joffrey and Tommen are Jaime Lannisters bastards, born of his incestuous union with the queen.Littlefinger lifted an eyebrow. Shocking, he said in a tone that suggested he was not shocked at all. The girl as well? No doubt. So when the king dies . . . The throne by rights passes to Lord Stannis, the elder of Roberts two brothers.Lord Petyr stroked his pointed beard as he considered the matter. So it would seem. Unless . . . Unless, my lord? There is no seeming to this. Stannis is the heir. Nothing can change that.Stannis cannot take the throne without your help. If youre wise, youll make certain Joffrey succeeds.Ned gave him a stony stare. nurse you no shred of honor?Oh, a shred, surely, Littlefinger replied negligently. Hear me out. Stannis is no friend of yours, nor of mine. Even his brothers can scarcely stomach him. The man is iron, hard and unyielding. Hell give us a new Hand an d a new council, for a certainty. No doubt hell thank you for handing him the crown, but he wont love you for it. And his ascent will represent war. Stannis cannot rest easy on the throne until Cersei and her bastards are dead. Do you think Lord Tywin will sit idly while his daughters head is measured for a spike? Casterly Rock will rise, and not alone. Robert found it in him to pardon men who served King Aerys, so long as they did him fealty. Stannis is less forgiving. He will not have forgotten the siege of Storms End, and the Lords Tyrell and Redwyne dare not. Every man who fought beneath the dragon banner or rose with Balon Greyjoy will have good cause to fear. Seat Stannis on the Iron Throne and I promise you, the realm will bleed.Now look at the other side of the coin. Joffrey is but twelve, and Robert gave you the regency, my lord. You are the Hand of the King and Protector of the Realm. The power is yours, Lord Stark. All you need do is reach out and take it. Make your peac e with the Lannisters. let loose the Imp. Wed Joffrey to your Sansa. Wed your younger girl to Prince Tommen, and your heir to Myrcella. It will be four years before Joffrey comes of age. By then he will look to you as a second father, and if not, well . . . four years is a good long while, my lord. Long enough to dispose of Lord Stannis. Then, should Joffrey prove troublesome, we can reveal his little secret and put Lord Renly on the throne.We? Ned repeated.Littlefinger gave a shrug. Youll need someone to share your burdens. I assure you, my price would be modest.Your price. Neds voice was ice. Lord Baelish, what you suggest is treason.Only if we lose.You forget, Ned told him. You forget Jon Arryn. You forget Jory Cassel. And you forget this. He drew the dagger and laid it on the table between them a space of dragonbone and Valyrian steel, as sharp as the difference between right and wrong, between true and false, between life and death. They sent a man to cut my sons throat, Lord Baelish.Littlefinger sighed. I fear I did forget, my lord. Pray forgive me. For a moment I did not remember that I was talking to a Stark. His mouth quirked. So it will be Stannis, and war?It is not a choice. Stannis is the heir.Far be it from me to dispute the Lord Protector. What would you have of me, then? Not my wisdom, for a certainty.I shall do my best to forget your . . . wisdom, Ned said with distaste. I called you here to ask for the help you promised Catelyn. This is a perilous hour for all of us. Robert has named me Protector, true enough, but in the eyes of the world, Joffrey is still his son and heir. The queen has a dozen knights and a hundred men-at-arms who will do whatever she commands . . . enough to overwhelm what remains of my own place guard. And for all I know, her brother Jaime may be riding for Kings Landing even as we speak, with a Lannister host at his back.And you without an army. Littlefinger toyed with the dagger on the table, turning it slowly with a finger. There is small love lost between Lord Renly and the Lannisters. Bronze Yohn Royce, Ser Balon Swann, Ser Loras, Lady Tanda, the Redwyne twins . . . each of them has a retinue of knights and give tongue to swords here at court.Renly has thirty men in his personal guard, the rest even fewer. It is not enough, even if I could be certain that all of them will choose to give me their allegiance. I must have the gold cloaks. The City put one over is two thousand strong, sworn to defend the castle, the city, and the kings peace.Ah, but when the queen proclaims one king and the Hand another, whose peace do they protect? Lord Petyr flicked at the dagger with his finger, setting it spinning in place. Round and round it went, wobbling as it turned. When at last it slowed to a stop, the blade pointed at Littlefinger. Why, theres your answer, he said, smiling. They follow the man who pays them. He leaned back and looked Ned full in the face, his grey-green eyes bright with mockery. You wear your honor like a suit of armor, Stark. You think it keeps you safe, but all it does is weigh you down and make it hard for you to move. Look at you now. You know why you summoned me here. You know what you want to ask me to do. You know it has to be done . . . but its not honorable, so the words stick in your throat.Neds neck was rigid with tension. For a moment he was so angry that he did not trust himself to speak.Littlefinger laughed. I ought to make you say it, but that would be cruel . . . so have no fear, my good lord. For the sake of the love I bear for Catelyn, I will go to Janos Slynt this very hour and make certain that the City Watch is yours. Six thousand gold pieces should do it. A third for the Commander, a third for the officers, a third for the men. We might be able to buy them for half(a) that much, but I prefer not to take chances. Smiling, he plucked up the dagger and offered it to Ned, hilt first.

Critically Analyse Two Theoretical Approaches to Cognitive Development Essay

The rationale for the essay will be to discuss how early childhood memories mess contribute to Post Traumatic Stress derange (post distresstic stress disorder) later in adult life. Negative early experiences such as child abuse can contribute a major rival on the development of the brain. Similar to adults with PTSD, children have trouble sleeping, can non control their memories of the trauma and are constantly on alert (Kuafman, Plotsky, Meyerhof & Charney 2000). Memory alterations connected to PTSD represent a complex interrelationship between brain and mind (Wilson & Keane 2004).The essay will therefore address a psychological and neuro biologic approaches which have been typically associated with the diagnosis of PTSD. The psychological approach for discussion will be Freuds(1896) psychodynamic model of neurosis which was one of the initiative paradigms to place emphasis on outdoor(a) stressor events (Wilson 2004). The essay will concentrate on the hippocampus, a brain are a involved in retrospect and briefly discuss the amygdala. Saplosky (1996) neuro biologic reading in relation to stress, glucorcotoids and hippocampus, a brain area involved in retention operate.These brain areas will be discussed in relation to disturbing memories and deficits in stock functioning (Silver, McAllister & Yodofsky 2011). Firstly it will be necessary to discuss what the term memory means. A simple definition of memory would be a persons originator to remember things or the faculty by which the mind stores and remembers in editionation (Oxford 1964). A psychological definition is more complex and although memory is seen as a hotshot term it refers to a multitude of human capacities (Medin & Pashler 2002). in that location are three major processes involved in memory encryption, storage and convalescence each mental process represents a stage in memory processing (Sternberg 2009). Encoding is the process by which a memory is formed where nurture is changed into a useable form and stored in memory for later use (Nevid 2009). The information can be encoded in different ways acoustically, iconic and semantically. Stored memories are quite often in the unconscious, implicit bulge of the mind and the retrieval process allows s to bring most memories back into the conscious mind (Sternberg 2009).William James (1890) was one of the first to bespeak memory was not a single system but rather comprises of a short and foresighted term memory. James (1890) distinguished between simple memory as being conscious of what has just happened and unessential memory as the knowlight-emitting diodege of events that have left our consciousness (Thorn & Page 2009). Hebb (1949) later support James (1890) and suggested there was a neuro-physiological distinction between primordial and secondary memory.Hebb (1949) proposed primary memory reflects temporarily reverberating electrical activity where as secondary memory leave behinds from permanent synaptic ch ange (Bernstain, Penner, Clarke-Stewert & Roy 2008). Waugh and Norman (1965) elaborated on James (1890) theory and proposed the multi-store model of memory. The multi-store model proposed verbal stimuli was perceived in the primary memory which had a very limited capacity. As new stimuli were considered and as the capacity of the primary memory was reached the stimuli were displaced and forgotten (Baine 1986).However when stimuli was rehearsed it was either retained in short term storage in the primary memory or it was transferred to long term storage in the secondary memory. The more often information was rehearsed in primary memory the more likely it would be transferred to secondary memory (Baine 1986). Waugh and Norman (1965) model was extended by Atkinson and Shiffron (1968) they suggested that for information to become a memory it had to flow through a system. The system starts with the sensory memory or immediate memory associated with visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic) pe rceptual processing.This is where information is first detected and if attended to will then enter the short term memory (STM). If the information which is now in the STM is rehearsed it will enter the long term memory (LTM). However if no rehearsal occurs the information is forgotten and lost from STM through the process of displacement or decay. The encoding or transferring of information into long term storage therefore depends on short term memory (Dehn 2011).The psychobiology of learning and memory suggests that traumatic memory is uite different from frequent memory and investigators such as Van der Kolk (1996) suggest symptoms of PTSD result from multifaceted nuero-hormonal changes that occur as a result of chronic stress. These changes can be accompanied by the release of adrenalin through the noradrenergic system which may play an important role in the enhancement of encoded, stored and retrieved information. PTSD can be defined as an incident where a person is exposed to serious threat of injury or death and experiences extreme fear (Shiromani, Keane & Le Doux 2009). in that location are typically two types of memory disturbances identified in PTSD, intrusive memories and impoverish memory functioning (Mace 2000). Intrusive memories are events that are retrieved involuntarily and see as sleazy backs of the original trauma, and triggered automatically by situations that reflect aspects of the traumatic event (Mace 2000). Impoverish memory refers to diminished encoding or impaired retrieval abilities, and deficits in common mood memory. Fragmentation of memories may occur, both autobiographical and amnesic trauma related gaps in the memory, which occur for minutes to days and not collect to ordinary forgetting.In extreme cases it is suggested that extremely stressful experiences particularly in child hood maybe forgotten for a period of years (Friedman, Keane & Resick 2010). tender learning involves the interactions of memory systems mediated by d istinct cerebral networks, of which can be divided into the declarative (explicit) or facts that can be assessed verbally and non-declarative, behaviours associated with excited stiuations (implicit). These memory systems are mediated primarily by the hippocampus and amygdala, brain areas involved in learning, and emotional memory (Layton & Krikorian 2002).There is interestingly a biological distinction between these areas which is mediated by structures outside the hippocampus. In the famous case of HM where damage to the hippocampus impaired declarative memory stock-still non-declarative memory was unaffected (Scolvile, Milner 1957). The declarative memory can be split into two categories episodic which stores specific personal experiences, such as remembering a first day at school and semantic which stores factual information such as knowing the capital of France.Freud (1893) early theory of neurosis cognise as subjection theory was one of the first to place emphasis on exter nal stressor events, he suggested the symptoms could only be understood if they were traced back to a traumatic events specifically early child hood experiences of informal seduction or assault (Leys 2000). However it was not the experience itself which was traumatic but its retard revival as a memory this was after the individual had reached sexual maturity and could therefore grasp its meaning (Leys 2000).Freud (1893) drew upon the notion that childhood sexual experiences resulted is dissociation, denial, repression and other primitive defence mechanisms (Friedman, Keane & Resick 2007). Freud (1893) suggested that during development a child could potentially experience a range of traumatic events. As a result the victim typically uses repression an ego defence to suppress traumatic memories and once in the un-conscious or implicit mind, neurotic symptoms might occur as a result of active forces being applied to the un-conscious or explicit memory (Wilson & Lindy 2004).The repr essed memories do not change when they are retained in the un-conscious (implicit) memory and will emerge via the activation of situational reminding cues (Wilson & Lindy 2004). His theory however was not well received in Conservative Vienna and he revised the seduction theory in 1896, he concluded that the memories of his patients may have in-fact been fantasies and have their origins in the libidinal drives and conflicted attachments to parental figures ( Mason 2003).Freuds early thinking regarding trauma was largely based on children as sexual beings from birth onwards, and that this sexual instinct was based on libidinal forces that could lead to intra-psychic conflict the Oedipal complex (Mason 2003). This led to psychodynamic theory, a complementary approach emphasising unconscious influences on issues related to memory and PTSD, and seeing suceptability as a result of factors like poor childhood relationships, unsettled attachments & sexual abuse (Friedman, Keane & Resick 20 10).Current empirical data however clearly supports Freuds (1893) original theory regarding the psychological impact of child abuse and as a result children have been shown to suffer from PTSD and symptoms associated with cognitive, emotional and behavioural development (Deblinger, McLeer, Atkins, Ralph & Foa 1989). Current research has brought into debate Freuds (1897) suspicions of imaginary fantasies, the recovered memory/ false memory debate brings such childhood memories into question.The theory suggests child hood memories are not reliable and it is relatively easy to plant memories for events that did not really occur through ideas suggested by over enthusiastic therapists the media or self help books related to sexual abuse (Pezdek & Banks 1996). Hyman and Billing (1998) conducted a study to investigate if students would create false child hood memories. The study found approximately 25% of students created false childhood memories after being encouraged to calculate the su ggested child hood event (Hymann &Billing 1998).A study by Clancey, Schacter, McNally & Pitman (2000) also pointed to gender bias in relation to false memories, they employ the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm using four control groups of women. The study found women with PTSD had a higher rate of false recognition of critical lures than women with abuse histories without PTSD, non treat non PTSD women, or men with out abuse or PTSD (Bremnar, Krause, Shobe & Kihlstrom (2000). Women with PTSD were also found to have poorer memory for previously studied words, which is reproducible with the findings of declarative memory deficits in PTSD (Bremnar et al 2000).Studies such as Sapolsky (1996) have led to the idea that external stressor events could have a profound impact on the biology and behaviour of organisms. Just as Freuds theory suggests, external stressor events have an impact on triggering unconscious implicit memories through their retrieval via situational cues. Neuro biolo gical studies have shown retrieval is accompanied by epinephrin release which may further aggravate the traumatic memory (De Kloet, Oitzl & Vermetten 2008). The noradrenergic system is responsible for the fight or flight rapid response to stress.This is associated with increased firing of noradrenalin neurons in the brainstem which enhance the release of noradrenalin in the brain and strengthens memories connected to emotional events (Bremner, Krystal, Southwick & Charney 1996). Cahill and McGaugh (1998) suggest epinephrine is shown to enhance the memory in a dose dependant way, it seems to enhance retention thorough its effects on the limbic structures, including the amygdala complex. There fore when a stressful event is experienced adrenaline is released, the noradrenergic system may then play an important role in the enhanced encoding of trauma related memories.The accompanied release of adrenaline when a traumatic event is experienced may further strengthen the traumatic memory trace. A positive feed back loop may then result in deeply engraved memories, which are expressed as intrusive recollections and flash backs (Cahill & McGaugh 1998). Child abuse and other stressor events can have lasting effects on the hippocampus, the brain area involved in declarative, implicit, unconscious memory. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, and part of a group of structures that surrounds the brain stem.These structures play an important role in the experience of emotions motivation and memory (Litwack 2010). Sapolsky (1996) conducted studies on rats in his Stanford University laboratory, he concluded that glucocorticoids can cause rats brains to shrivel as the dendrite branches that communicate with other neurons wither away. Sapolsky, Romero, Munk (2000) found prolonged exposure to stress causes irreversible damage in rats, the findings therefore suggest long term exposure to glucocorcitoids in humans with PTSD may also result in permant nueron damage to the hippocampus and deficits in declarative memory.Further neuroimaging studies have found smaller hippocampus volume in people with PTSD, this was found in MRI imaging of Vietnam veterans and adults with a report of child abuse relative to healthy comparison subjects (Francati, Vermetten & Bremner 2007). The subject and theory which has been discussed far exceeds the parameters of this essay, however the greatest attempt has been made to cover as often of the subject as possible.It would seem there is mounting evidence to support Freuds (1893) original seduction theory that early traumatic childhood experiences can lead to memory disturbances later in adult life. Memories have been found to be engraved even deeper by the noragenric system and the increased release of adrenaline caused by exxecive stress associated with PTSD. Sapolsky (1996) and Sapolsky, Romero, Munk (2000) have further discussed the impact of stress on the brain and effects on the hippocampus an important structure in the functioning of memories.Nueroimaging has further shown shrinkage in the hippocampus in adults whom have been diagnosed with PTSD and have experienced a history of child abuse. There has however been studies by hyman and billing and Clancey, Schacter, McNally & Pitman (2000) that suggest some memories can be planted or imagined, via the influence of media and other factors, and a gender bias concerning deficits in declarative memory. However with scientific evidence it would seem early childhood trauma could result in PTSD later in adult life.

What It Takes to Be a Manager

nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL host ON bloodline AND frugal look (2 ICBER 2011) minutes WHAT IT TAKES TO BE A MANAGER THE CASE OF MALAYSIAN FIVESTAR RESORT HOTELS Rozila Ahmad (emailprotected edu. my) Noor Azimin Zainol (emailprotected edu. my) Universiti Utara Malaysia Sintok, 06010 Kedah ABSTRACT This word investigates the requirement for managerial posts in five-star resort hotels in Malaysia. Despite the harvest-home of hotel application in Malaysia, faculty member belles-lettres especi altogethery qualitative empirical study focusing on the gentlemans gentleman capital needs of the industry in the country is precisely.Different from early(a) industries, in the hotel industry a Bachelors Degree hardly guarantees the attainment of centering put down. Based on interviews with 42 hotel employees including 19 managers from six hotels, this article suggests that feed hold out and lead dexterity is crucial for hotel managers to perform their job. Other requirements argon kno wledge, program line and slope progression. This suggestion is supported by the employees profile. The implications ar plowed, emphasizing the need to consider increasing hotel students lop experience in the industry and enhancing their leaders skill.Keywords homos resource charge, hotel industry, career, leadership, education, communication INTRODUCTION Thither is a shortage of skilled organizeers in Malaysia due to its rapidly growing economy ( fear Monitor planetary Ltd. , 2010). touristry is among the main contributor for the economic growth and its alignment with hotel industry has created many job opportunities to the local population. Based on the statistics by Malaysian Association of Hotels (2011a) from 2007 to 2010 the tally of tourist arrival has increased from 20. 9 million to 23. million and this was followed by the increment in the number of hotels and motels from 1567 to 2005. This has led to the continuous growth of public and occult institutions offeri ng hotel precaution courses to fill the men needs of these hotels. Despite the increasing number of hotel graduates, hotels are still facing worker shortages (Malaysian Association of Hotels, 2011b). As in educateed countries, Malaysian hotels are having problems in attracting and retaining skilled and knowledgeable workers (Patah, Zain, Abdullah & Radzi, 2009 Cheng & Brown, 1998).On one hand, the shortage of skilled workers in Malaysian hotels is caused by the unattractive work aura of the industry. On the other hand it is caused by Malaysian workforce inferiority to attain management position. Similar to the developed countries, Hotels in Malaysia are facing problems in attracting and retaining skilled and knowledgeable workers due to low salary, rigid job traits and conventional style of top-down operation (Ahmad, Solnet & Scott, 2010 Yamashita & Uenoyama, 2006 Davidson, Guilding & Timo, 2006).However, such problem is less prevalent in Multi National Corporation (MNC) due to their strategic human resource management practices that managed to attract and retain skilled workers from competing hotels (Ahmad et al. , 2010). MNC are require to involved much locals in middle and top management position. However, after three decades of growth inappropriate international hotel managers still dominate the Malaysian hotel industry and this could be due to the lessen level of human capital among the Malaysian workforce (Lazzeretti & Petrillo, 2006).Numerous academic literatures in Malaysia founder discussed on how the industry potentiometer retain their skilled employees. However, literature on how academicians deal increase their students employability for 2040 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING management position is scarce despite the indication of Malaysian workforce inferiority to attain management position. This deficiency in the literature gives rise to the research wonder of this article. The research question of this article is, What are the requirements for managerial post in Malaysian five-star hotels? Although articles on required skills for managerial post or similar articles from other countries can action as a guide, such articles base on empirical study in Malaysia is upright to provide a more specific information. Furthermore, to maximize the foreign exchange revenue and the battle of the local population, local colleges and universities need to increase their graduates employability. Prior to that, the students must be equipped with the knowledge, skills and abilities required for managerial post.The purpose of this article is to investigate and high gearlight what are the knowledge, skills and abilities required by the local graduates to attain management position in Malaysia. This article makes theoretical and practical contribution. It increases the number of academic literatures concerning human resource issues in the Malaysian hotels. It investigat es the practitioners perception of what is required for management post. By including non-management employees perception, it provides comprehensive information of the requirements.This article will benefit the hotel industry in the long term. With the take to reduce skilled workers shortage and hotel graduates unemployment, it coordinates industry pick out with academic institutions supply. LITERATURE REVIEW Skilled Workers Shortages Since 1970 there has been a rapid growth of tourism industry in Malaysia (Goldsmith & Zahari, 1994). To cater tourists needs the supply of hotel and motel rooms has been increased to 158,480 in 2010 (Malaysian Association of Hotels, 2011). The rapid expansion of the hotel industry has exaggerated the demand for employment of competent people.This resulted in skilled workers shortages (Malaysian Association of Hotels, 2011 Business Monitor International Ltd. , 2010). Based on Malaysian Association of Hotels Workforce Survey reports, in 2008 there was a shortage of 2113 workers in the hotel industry. To mitigate the problem hotels employ foreign workers to work in all the departments except finance and human resources. This has reduced workforce shortages to 1146 in year 2009. In both old age Food and Beverage (restaurant) department faced the highest worker shortages while the housekeeping department employed the highest number of foreign workers.The high percentage of foreign employees in housekeeping (10%), stewarding (9%), and food and beverage (restaurant) (5%) is understandable because Malaysian could earn more doing other jobs such as rubber tapping. Furthermore, the Malaysian Muslims are forbidden from serving liquor and this makes occupation in food and beverage (restaurant) department less favourable to them. However, the employment of foreign workers for top management posts (6%), executives (3%), and other posts in sports and recreation (5%) and front office and reservation (2%) is disturbing.It suggests that Malay sian workforce (including hotel management graduates) is non skilled abounding for these posts. Existing literature lends about support to this suggestion. cordial reception Education in Malaysia The employment of foreign workers to mitigate skilled workforce shortages is acceptable in the retiring(a) but now it is a dilemma. Such practice may lessen the benefits (such as employment opportunities for the locals and foreign exchange revenue) gained from tourism activities.In 1994 colleges did non abide the energy to produce sufficient number of graduates to meet the increasing demand for skilled workers because there were only ten private schools and colleges and dickens public institutions (Goldsmith & Zahari, 1994). To date, there is at least 61 private colleges and universities, five public universities, five polytechnics and six community 2041 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING colleges (Ministry of Higher Educati on, 2011). Some of these colleges and universities withstand a number of branches.Despite the rapid growth in the hotel education sector, shortage of skilled workers in the industry still persists. In Malaysia, local graduates Bachelors Degree in Hotel Management hardly guarantees the attainment of management position. This is different from other countries. as well recruiting management employees internally, hotels as well recruit graduates straight from the university (Mullen, 2007 Yamashita & Uenoyama, 2006). Therefore, the attainment of a managerial position is either through hard work by starting from an entranceway level position or by a fast track through having an academic qualification (Mullen, 2007).Hence, there are managers who have never receive from the university. They started their career as non-managerial employees and by being among the best performers they have been promoted to a managerial position. While internal promotion is common in Malaysia, direct recru itment from the local university for management posts is rare. Hotels, especially MNC prefers to recruit by advertising through the internet, newspaper and words of mouth in addition to establishing links with government agencies and link up associations (Ahmad, 2010).Fresh graduates are perceived to be inequal to(p) of handling management duties. Reduced human resource capital in Malaysia is among the reasons for skilled workers shortage in the hotel industry. humanity resource capital is at a lower standard than the 1980s because the level of English attainment and service orientation is lower among the young workforce (Lazzeretti & Petrillo, 2006). Different from their juniors, the senior workforce early on education was in English (Lazzeretti & Petrillo, 2006 Hanapiah, 2002). Thus, their English proficiency is better. They are looked upon as those who can epresent the organization because of their ability to return and deal in English address (Hanapiah, 2002). The widenes s of English proficiency is more obvious in MNC hotels whose customers and managers usually communicate in English. Besides English proficiency, other requirement for hotel management post is education, skills and knowledge (technical, human resources, finance and marketing), ad hominemity (dedication, creativity, sociability, adaptability and ambitious), leadership lumber and work experience (Jayawardena, 2000 Hanapiah, 2002).However, recent academic literature on these skills within the context of Malaysian hotel industry is scarce. There are a number of hotel management literatures from developed countries which discussed about management skills with implications for educational institutions. Kay and Moncarz (2004) worried on the importance of knowledge in monetary management and human resource management competencies. They suggest educational institutions provide proper coverage of financial management course. Likewise, they assistd the industry to recruit graduates from hos pitality programs with strong financial management curriculum.Their opinion has deviated from earlier research on management skills that suggested leadership and social skill as the most significant skills for hotel managers. However, the significance of leadership skill has continuously been supported by recent academic literatures (Boone & Peborde, 2008 Brownell, 2006). According to Boone and Peborde (2008), there are five fundamental leadership skills and these are establishing credibility, managing meter, being proactive, empowering others to act and networking.Based on their article, credibility concerns on constituents trust and confidence of their manager, being proactive is knowing and slaying what needs to be done for the organizations benefit, potency includes enabling self leadership, providing choice, developing competence and confidence and fostering accountability and networking is developing personal contacts to get valuable support, feedback, insight, information a nd resources. They argued that leadership is not a charisma that one may or may not possess it consists of attitudes, behaviours and skill that can be adopted, learned and mproved through practice. Therefore, they 2042 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING suggest college students and early career workers to master the fundamental leadership skills to build a strong leadership base. Hotel management students should be properly tooled with the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to attain management position and then, face and handle the industrys challenges (Kay & Moncarz, 2004 Boone & Peborde, 2008 Brownell, 2006).Prior to that, it is beneficial to investigate what are the knowledge, skills and abilities required to attain management position within the context of the local hotel industry. With the aim to equip Malaysian students with the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities, the skills required for management positi on in Malaysian five-star hotels are assessed in detail. METHODOLOGY The methodological approach used in this study is framed within qualitative research. Respondents were contacted through e-mails and phone calls to request for an interview.A personal interview method was used for data collection which was carried out in May and June 2008. Interviews were conducted according to the respondents schedule and availability and at their preferred location. It is important to provide a relaxed environment during the interview to encourage the respondents to openly and fully discuss the topics (Cooper & Schindler, 2003). The interviews were unstructured to give respondents the opportunity to provide more information. The interview started with informing respondents the purpose of the research and their right to withdraw from the research at any time to ensure they were comfortable.To ensure confidentiality, develop trust and encourage the respondents to provide full information, names wer e coded. M1 refers to the first managerial employee interviewed while NM2 refers to the second non-managerial employee interviewed. Interviews were recorded on tape measure with the respondents permission. Taping the interview allows the researcher to concentrate on the discussion and listen to the interview as often as needed. Repeatedly listening to a tape-recorded interview enables the researcher to capture the essence and meanings of words, which facilitates quality analysis of data. ANALYSISThe data collected was analysed using content analysis. To capture the emotion, content analysis of transcripts was conducted manually and respondents answers were quoted in the findings. A software program was not used to analyse the data because relying on computers can run the risk of trivializing the meaning of texts (Krippendorff, 2004). Content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts (or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their us e (Krippendorff, 2004, p. 18). Qualitative content analysis allows a researcher to discover what the text reveals.All interviews were transcribed. The transcripts were present multiple times to understand the context of each statement and to enable the researchers to become immersed in the data The sample size for the study was 42 respondents, 19 managerial employees and 23 non-managerial employees. All respondents were from six Malaysian five-star resort hotels that employ more than 300 fulltime employees and have been in business for at least 12 long time. All respondents had more than one years working experience with the hotel industry to ensure that they had the capability to provide the in-depth information required.Twenty-one respondents were employees of three MNC hotels. Four of the hotels employed expatriates for general manager post. Foreign workers were employed for management and nonmanagement post. The respondents profile is described in Table 1. An exploration of res pondents views on requirement for managerial post was sought. 2043 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING Table 1 Respondents Profile Respondents Post Work generate Education MNC M1 HR Director 20 geezerhood Non Hotel Diploma v M2 Chief Security 16 historic period Non Hotel Diploma v M3 HR policeman 17 geezerhood SPM M4 HR Manager 18 years Hotel Diploma M5 Senior Security Officer 19 years STPM M6 Security Officer 11 years SPM M7 Assistant Front Office Manager 10 years Non-Hotel Diploma M8 Training Manager 10 years Hotel Diploma M9 Landscape administrator 9 years Primary School M10 HR Officer 15 years Hotel Diploma v M11 Assistant Pastry Chef 20 years A Level v M12 Assistant Chief Engineer 17 years Non Hotel Certificate v M13 Executive Housekeeper 19 years SPM v M14 Executive Housekeeper 16 years Hotel Certificate v M15 Executive Chef 15 years SPM v M16 HR Manager 20 years Non Hotel Degree v M17 Executive Housekeeper 18 years Hotel Certificate M18 Food and Beverage Manager 21 years SPM M19 Personnel Manager 10 years Non Hotel Diploma NM1 Housekeeping Supervisor 17 years SRP v NM2 F Captain 12 years Non Hotel Certificate v NM3 F Captain 9 years SPM v NM4 F Cashier 8 years SPM v NM5 Recreation Coordinator 14 years SPM NM6 Senior life guard 18 years SPM NM7 Account Clerk 18 years SPM NM8 number one wood 15 years SPM NM9 Accounts Supervisor 12 years STPM NM10 Hostess 6 years SPM NM11 Commis/ Cook 14 years SPM NM12 Laundry Supervisor 13 years SPM NM13 Receptionist 12 years Hotel Diploma v NM14 Public Area Supervisor 8 years Islamic School NM15 Laundry Supervisor 5 years SPM v NM16 Driver 11 years Primary School v NM17 Room Attendant 9 years STPM v NM18 Housekeeping Coordinator 15 years SPM v NM19 Technician 13 years SPM v NM20 Public Area Supervisor 14 years Primary School NM21 Landscape Supervisor 9 years Non Hotel Certificate NM22 Housekeeping Supervisor 15 years SRP 2044 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE O N BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING NM23 Food and Beverage Supervisor 7 years Islamic School FINDINGS To answer the research question, respondents were asked to describe the requirements for a hotel managerial post.The requirements mentioned by respondents were positive attitude, leadership skill, communication skill, interpersonal skill, self-motivation, determination, emotional intelligence, knowledge, experience, education and English proficiency. Experience was most frequently mentioned followed by leadership skills, knowledge and education. Table 2 summarised respondents views of the requirements for a managerial post in the hotel industry. Work experience was the most frequently mentioned measuring rod. Majority of the respondents perceived it to be the most important criterion to attain managerial post.Unlike other industries, those people with education but without experience are least likely to be in managerial positions. This assertion is supported by the examples below In the hotel industry, an applicant for a managerial position requires more than a degree. Most of the university send students here for three to six months industrial suss outing. But that isnt enough. That is not hefty enough. You can be a manager in some hotel, but how are you going to make decision If you dont have enough experience and you make the wrong decision, youll become the laughing stock to your staff. You have pioneer staff in the hotel.You have supervisors who will question you back. If you work in the government sector or any other sectors, thats a different story. In hotel industry, you really need the experience. (M7) The importance of having work experience in the hotel industry was mentioned by most of the respondents. According to the respondents, even those with a diploma must start from the entry-level position, and from there it depends on their performance. While M17 clearly declared that work experience is more important than educati on, NM4 gave example of problems faced by new managers without working experience.Even the managers started at the entry-level like us. Then, they learned and learned. High education without work experience is not good enough (for managerial position). From what Ive seen, fresh graduates who started at management level have difficulty to organise things. (NM4) The next criterion most frequently mentioned was leadership. Some managerial respondents highlighted the importance of leadership qualities. The managerial respondents declared that managers who seek excellence from employees should have leadership qualities. Those with leadership qualities are respect by their subordinates.They are able to make subordinates embrace the organizations culture and they manage to get things done and obtain good results. 2045 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING Table 2 Requirement for Managerial Position Respondents Leadership M1 v Knowledg e Experience Education English Proficiency v v v v v v v M5 v v M6 v M7 v M8 v M9 v M2 M3 v v M4 M10 v M11 v M12 v v v v v v v v M13 M14 v v v v v v v M15 M16 v M17 v M18 v NM1 v v v v v v v v NM2 v v v M19 v v v NM3 v v NM4 v v NM5 v v NM6 v v NM7 v v v v NM8 NM9 v v v NM11 v NM13 v NM14 v v NM15 v v NM16 v v v NM12 v v NM10 v v v NM17 NM18 v NM19 v NM20 v NM21 v v v NM22 v v v NM23 v v v 2046 v v nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING A leaders personal characteristics mentioned by respondents were determination, positive attitude, selfmotivation, emotional intelligence and efficiency. In addition, they felt that managers should be smart, creative and credible. M1 verbalize the followings 1. A leader has positive attitude, emotional intelligence, self motivation and determination. . Managers must have leadership quality to spread the organizations culture to all their subordinates. 3. Leaders guide their subordinates and makes them realised the importance of satisfying invitees which leads to customer loyalty in addition to employees loyalty. Therefore, the organization will attain long term profitability. 4. We train them, we guide them, we coach them, and if theres derailment, we put them back on the track. The influence of a great leader is evident in some of the non-managerial employees and given below is an example.I enjoy my work because I got the chance to meet the guests My former general manager used to say You must take good care of the guest because if you dont, they will go to other hotels. When this hotel is out of business where can you work? He advised us to make the guests elated and to do what we should do. It is not difficult at all. When the guests come, I open the door for them, greet them they are like kings and we must treat them well. (NM8) The importance of knowledge was as well frequently mentioned by the respondents. Knowledge is gained from experience, education and training We must be knowledgeable in all aspects the department that were handling and the departments that are connect to us. We must at least have the basic knowledge of the functions of front office, maintenance, food and beverage and kitchen. Another thing is how to manage human. This is important. If you want to be a good manager, you must know how to manage your subordinates. (M18) According to M11, those who have worked in many places, including overseas, are knowledgeable and they bring in new ideas. M15 stated that it is also important that managers know the current issues in the hotel industry.Other knowledge listed by the respondents as important included how to do paper works (NM21) and how to communicate with colleagues (NM15). Although education is not the most important requirement for a hotel managerial post, it is compulsory in order to be promoted to a higher-level management position. In some five-star hotels, employees are required to have at least a university certific ate in order to be promoted to a management position in addition to other requirements. In other five-star hotels having a university diploma is a necessity.Now we require at least a diploma. In the past there were not many hotel schools. Only those who are rich can afford to study overseas to learn about hotel management and hotel industry. But now, even Malaysia has Hotel Management School. However, for me, education is secondary because in hotel industry you need experienced people. Experience comes first. (M18) Of the 19 managerial employees interviewed, five managers had a certificate (including STPM and A Level) seven managers had a diploma and one manager had a degree. Seven of these managers were MNC hotel employees.Based on the respondents profile, even those without college or university certificate had the opportunity to be managers in MNC hotels. At present, only those with certificates are appointed as managers. 2047 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECON OMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING Another requirement mentioned by respondents was English proficiency. Out of 42 respondents, only eight mention about the importance of English proficiency. According to the respondents, to be a manager they must be able to communicate in English.While the inability to communicate in English will disqualify them for managerial positions, fluency in English is an advantage for them to further develop their careers. M18 stated that English proficiency is important because majority of their guests are foreigners. fire to work in the industry is another important criterion that is rarely mentioned in the literature. According to a managerial respondent, students interest to work in the industry is important because it might affect the quality of their work.Whenever students come and work in the hotel industry, I ask them are you here because of your father, or you yourself want to come here. If someone says, I dont like hotel work, my father ask s me to come here, I will say, annulus up your bags and go home. Seriously, if you want to work in hotel industry, you must have the interest. If not, you will waste money, time and effort to do something that you dont like. So you better dont do it. Make your decision now, do you want to be a hotelier or not? Honestly, the quality of workers now is very different compared to the last fifteen years. Now there are so many opportunities.So the quality is not there anymore. (M18) Communication skill and interpersonal skill was also listed by the respondents as one of the necessary skills. However, it was mentioned by very few respondents and not much was said about the two skills. Majority of the respondents mentioned about the importance of having work experience. Although it is clear that work experience is more important compared to education, this finding does not suggest that work experience is more important compared to other skills such as leadership and interpersonal skill. Th e objective of this study was to investigate what are the equirements for managerial post and not to rank the skills importance. discourse Based on the literature review and the findings of this study, the requirement for managerial post in Malaysian five-star hotels is work experience, leadership skill, knowledge, education, English language proficiency, communication skill, interpersonal skill and interest to be a hotelier. The significance of most of these skills for managerial success has been mentioned in existing literature. However, the significance of work experience and English language proficiency is more pronounced in the Malaysian context.This study found that having work experience is a necessity for graduates employment for managerial post. Knowledge and leadership skill are developed through education and work experience. While management theories and basic technical skills can be taught by academic institutions, leadership skills such as analytical and conceptual th inking, relationship building, and self control requires experience in the field (Brownell, 2006). Furthermore, work experience enhanced students technical skill. good skill efficiency is important for the first level managers due to their proximity with the non-managerial employees (Daft, 1998).Therefore, a partnership with the industry through industrial training is crucial to develop students leadership skill which is necessary to foster high-performing organisation (Brownell, 2006). Sending students for industrial training is a normal practice for hotel schools. However, it was perceived insufficient by the hotel managers. Therefore, it is beneficial to lengthen the industrial training period and to encourage students to do part-time at hotels. Part-time employees are employed during peak season when there is rank of task to be completed.Therefore, besides earning some money, students can gain experience and enhanced the required skills. 2048 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE O N BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING Different from developed countries, education is perceived as secondary to work experience in Malaysian five-star hotels. However, the importance of education keeps increasing due to the increasing number of hotel management schools and hotel management graduates. The findings of this study reveal that currently even those without higher education could attain management position in MNC five-star hotels.However, these managers have had many years of working experience and have gone through a number of supervisory and management trainings conducted by the hotels. Even the local independent and chain hotels provide continuous training to their employees (Ahmad et al. , 2010). Due to the social and demographic changes, at present more educated somebody is required for management post. Thus, only those with sufficient work experience and academic qualification could attain management position while others have to start from entr ylevel position.To encourage hotels to recruit management candidates straight from the university like in the developed countries, local universities need to produce graduates who have sufficient work experience and are capable to handle management duties. The importance of English proficiency for graduates employment and career development especially in the hotel industry is prevalent in Malaysia (Hanapiah, 2002). Although English proficiency was mentioned by few respondents, it does not suggest that it is not as important as other skills. Furthermore, none of the respondents stated that it is less important compared to other skills.In fact, they stated that it is significant for the labour market employability and workforce advancement. The importance of English language proficiency has been highlighted in existing academic literatures (Lazzeretti & Petrillo, 2006 Hanapiah, 2002 Brownell, 2006). Due to the importance, Malaysian five-star resort hotels have been providing English l anguage training to their employees (Ahmad et al. , 2010). Academic institutions can produce graduates who are fluent in English by using the language as the forte of instruction.Other than that, it is beneficial to interview students during their admission process to assess their personal characteristics and English proficiency (Brownell, 2006). Selecting the right candidates for the industry can make producing quality graduates easier for the academic institutions. Interest in the field is another factor to qualify candidates for management post. Unlike other professions such as architecture and engineering, it is difficult to find students whose ambition is to be a hotelier or hotel employees. Academic institutions play an important role to develop students interest.Such interest can be developed by inviting successful guest speakers from the industry to share their experience and provide information of their job and how much they earn. However, the interest built can be destroy ed overnight if the students encounter veto experience such as workplace bullying during their industrial training or part-time employment in the industry (Patah, Abdullah, Naba, Zahari and Radzi, 2010). Therefore, practitioners have to ensure that their employees can be a role model to the students and not someone they want to avoid.On the other hand, students should be groomed to face the challenges at the workplace. LIMITATION AND CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEARCH This study lists the requirements for managerial posts but it does not rank the requirements based on their importance. Although it states that work experience is more important compared to education, such statement is made based on respondents words. The qualitative nature of this study does not allow for ranking. Skills listed in the findings came from respondents mind. Respondents were not given any list of skills for them to rate and rank.Therefore it is imprecise to suggest that work experience is more important compar ed to leadership skill just because more respondents mentioned work experience as the requirement for managerial position. This article contributes to the hotel management literature by explaining about the requirements for the attainment of management post in Malaysian five-star hotels and provides suggestions on how to develop and enhance the skills needed in the industry. The suggestion is based on practitioners view that is supported by 2049 nd nd 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING he preliminary literature. This article can serve as a guide to the academicians, the university and colleges students and to those in early career positions in the hotel industry. CONCLUSION It is essential for the industry and the academic institutions to have a partnership and unity of effort to mitigate the issue of skilled employees shortages. The academicians need to realize the importance of producing skilled workforce compatible with the ind ustry human capital needs and the industry need to provide a more favourable workplace that graduates may perceived as an avenue to build their career.Increased unemployment of hotel management graduates coupled with increased dependency on foreign workers does not benefit the country, the industry and the academic institutions. 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